Simultaneous Crystallization Effects in Multiple Levitated Plasma-Functionalized Graphene Nanoflake Nanofluid Droplets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acoustic levitation is a container-free method for examining novel crystallization effects, though liquid-to-solid phase change has seen little investigation for levitated nanofluids. Recent developments have allowed for examining the morphological and temperature evolution of multiple levitated nanofluid droplets freezing simultaneously. The fundamental effect of adding nanoparticles to a levitated crystallization system is crystal growth rate enhancement from improved mass transfer at the growing solid front. Nucleation times are unaffected as freezing is initiated by secondary ice nucleation particles (INPs). Instead, the enhancement produces higher instantaneous nucleation pressures and more cracking in the primary ice shell. In turn, more INPs are ejected, resulting in faster protrusion formation on the droplet surface (hastened further in systems containing adjacent droplets). The crystal matrix also includes more defects, resulting in liquid escaping and forming beads at the droplet base and optical clarity loss. During crystal decomposition, thermal gradients create convective currents dampened by the same transport phenomena that enhance crystal growth. Suspension loss after a crystallization-decomposition cycle reduced opacity and light absorbance such that the droplets were 62% closer in appearance to water. However, the non-isobaric, sample-encompassing cooling process resulted in smaller particle clusters than if the droplets were frozen on a solid surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".