6′-sialyllactose prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy by controlling the muscle protein degradation pathway
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sarcopenia is associated with various geriatric diseases, such as gait disorders, falls, malnutrition, and osteoporosis. Accordingly, interest in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia has grown over the years. The human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL) is known to improve exercise performance, reduce muscle fatigue, and improve GNE myopathy; however, its effect on sarcopenia has not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of 6′-SL in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy, which is a widely used model for the study of sarcopenia. The effects of 6′-SL on differentiated C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and on mice were examined by treatment with 6′-SL in the presence or absence of dexamethasone. 6′-SL was found to inhibit the dexamethasone-induced decrease of MHC expression, as well as to prevent reduction in the number, length, and width of myotubes. Furthermore, the dexamethasone-induced upregulation of myostatin, muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF1), and atrogin-1 were also inhibited by 6′-SL treatment. In mice, intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone caused decreases in muscle fiber diameter, muscle weight, and exercise performance, most of which were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with 6′-SL. Therefore, utilization of 6′-SL could contribute to the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. • The efficacy of 6′-sialyllactose (6′-SL) in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy was investigated. • 6′-SL prevented the decreased MHC expression and the reduced myotubes in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. • 6′-SL prevented the up-regulated expression of myostatin, MuRF1, and atrogin-1 in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. • In mice, 6′-SL prevented the reduced muscle fiber size and exercise performance in dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy. • It might aid the prevention and treatment of muscle atrophy and sarcopenia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".