Generation of Seismocardiography Heartbeats Using a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network With Feature Control
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Goal:</i> Seismocardiography (SCG) offers critical insights into cardiac performance, but its analysis often faces challenges due to the limited availability of data. This study aims to generate synthetic SCG heartbeats which can augment existing datasets to enable more research avenues. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Methods</i>: We trained a Wasserstein generative adversarial network (GAN) with gradient penalty on authentic SCG heartbeats. It was conditioned with embedded subject-specific identifiers to create individualized heartbeats. We employed linear permutations in the latent and conditional spaces to control signal features, and a convolutional network to classify lung volume states from real and synthetic data separately. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Results</i>: The model effectively replicated SCG signal morphology, while maintaining a level of variance which matches the variability of cardiac activity. Comparisons with real SCG waveforms yielded Pearson's r-squared correlation of 0.62 for average heartbeats. Linear manipulations were successful in controlling simple features although they were limited in more complex characteristics. Additionally, the model demonstrated strong performance in practical applications, with the synthetic data achieving an accuracy of 88% in lung volume classification as compared to 89% achieved with real data. Augmenting real data with additional synthetic data improved performance by 3%. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Conclusions</i>: GANs for artificial SCG heartbeat generation produce realistic and diverse results that have the potential to overcome data limitations, thereby enhancing SCG-based research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".