From the periphery to the centre: Protestantism and Korean identity in the north-west region
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In late 19th-century Korea, Protestantism was perceived as a symbol of western civilization and a messenger for western-style modernity. It was also accepted within the framework of a clash between civilizations, a confrontation of power against power. In such a context, traditional elements were seen as something to be discarded, while western-style modernity, including Protestantism, became the object of aspiration. As is well recognized, the ‘north-west region’ of Korea emerged as the cradle and most vibrant epicentre for the reception of Protestantism, outpacing other regions in terms of both rapid qualitative and quantitative growth within a short time frame. This raises the question: Why did Protestantism receive such an active and passionate welcome in the north-western region? As part of a case study, this article focuses on Pyeongan Province and explores how the encounter between the north-western region and Protestantism reshaped the pre-existing ‘identity’ of north-westerners. In essence, the reason why the people of the north-west region embraced Protestantism more actively compared to other regions was twofold: first, due to their long-standing aspiration to move towards the centre, which had persisted from the past, and, second, because the Protestantism introduced to this region had a mutual affinity with the north-western people. This can be considered as the factor that enabled the rise of north-western people in the early modern period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".