S285 Smoking and Alcohol Consumption as Risk Factors for Colonic Diverticulosis and its Complications: A Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Colonic diverticulosis is a prevalent condition marked by small pouches (diverticula) in the colon wall, particularly those over 50. Many studies have investigated various risk factors, but the relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, and colonic diverticulosis remains to be determined. This meta-analysis analyses the association between these lifestyle factors and the risk of colonic diverticulosis and its complications. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria were based on predefined eligibility standards, focusing on observational studies reporting smoking, alcohol consumption, and colonic diverticulosis. Using random effect models, Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals were produced to report the overall effect size. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Egger's regression test and Begg-Mazumdar's rank test were used to assess publication bias. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results: Sixty-two studies encompassing 32,54,5610 patients were included in the final analysis, where the mean age was 57.29 years, and 44.53% were female. Smoking increased the risk of colonic diverticulosis (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.24–1.48), diverticulitis (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.51), and diverticular bleeding (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.13–2.02). Ex-smokers also showed a higher risk of diverticulosis compared to non-smokers (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08–1.59). Alcohol consumption was associated with an increased risk of colonic diverticulosis (OR 1.41, 95% CI: 1.09–1.82). However, no association was found between alcohol consumption and diverticular bleeding (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.77 to 1.71) or diverticulitis (OR 1.36, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.88). No publication bias was evident in the analysis. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an association between smoking, alcohol consumption, and increased risk of colonic diverticulosis. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of colonic diverticulosis and diverticular bleeding. The relationship between alcohol consumption and diverticular disease requires further investigation. Future research should explore the mechanisms by which these factors influence the development of colonic diverticulosis to understand and inform public health recommendations (Figure 1).Figure 1.: Forest plots depicting the association of smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively, with colonic diverticulosis. A) pooled odds ratios demonstrate an elevated risk linked to current and former smoking, while B) indicates an increased risk associated with alcohol consumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.012 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.016 | 0.070 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".