Axillary nerve: what anesthesiologists and pain physicians should know
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Innervation of the shoulder joint is complex and remains poorly understood among regional anesthesiologists and chronic pain specialists. Current literature supports the important contribution of the axillary nerve to the total innervation of the shoulder, as well as its blockade for perioperative pain and denervation for chronic shoulder pain. However, a description of the entire course of the axillary nerve, the corresponding optimal targets, and the sonoanatomy pertinent to pain intervention is lacking. This educational article discusses in detail the functional anatomy and sonographic identification of possible windows for axillary nerve intervention. We discuss the contribution, extent, and type of innervation the axillary nerve provides to the shoulder joint, which is often misunderstood. Ultimately, this article serves to stimulate thoughts and ideas for future research in an area where literature is scarce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".