Recyclable Chitosan-Modified Cellulose Fiber Porous Structure for Sensitive and Robust Moisture-Driven Actuators and Automatic Cooling Textiles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Moisture-driven actuators featuring programmable stimuli-responsiveness and a rapid response have garnered substantial research attention. Cellulose-based actuators face challenges, including prolonged and unstable responsiveness, along with inadequate interfacial bonding. Herein, we developed a bilayer structured moisture actuator by integrating multiscale cellulose fibers with chitosan. The protonated chitosan forms strong electrostatic attractions with negatively charged cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), achieving a robust interfacial interaction. Leveraging the hierarchically porous structure and varying hygroscopicity of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and CNF, the film establishes an effective wettability gradient, enabling a stable and rapid moisture actuation performance. The bilayer film exhibits large deformation toward moisture with a bending angle of 60°, a short response time of 12 s, good stability over 50 wetting and drying cycles, and promising recyclability. Harnessing these advantageous properties, the bilayer film was demonstrated for its applications in automatic cooling textiles, contactless electrical switches, and artificial moisture-activated muscles, showing great potential for practical use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".