Characterizing the impacts of exotic species on the morphology of solitary threespine stickleback ( <i>Gasterosteus aculeatus</i> ) populations in southwestern British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Exotic species are one of the greatest threats to native species, communities, and ecosystems. Introductions of multiple exotic species into an environment may have different effects on native populations compared to when exotic species are introduced individually. Threespine stickleback species pairs ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and neighbouring solitary populations in southwestern British Columbia, a textbook example of an adaptive radiation, are now under threat from multiple exotic species. We assessed whether variation in morphological characters and body shape among solitary threespine stickleback populations was associated with different combinations of introduced smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) and signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus ). We also examined morphological changes over time spans of 18-43 years to determine whether contemporary characteristics have responded to the presence of exotic species. We found clear differences in stickleback traits and body shape among exotic species combinations. Stickleback coexisting with bass and crayfish were highly armoured, whereas bass-only lakes contained stickleback with reduced armour. Two stickleback populations that coexist with signal crayfish showed significant increases in size over time. These patterns suggest that smallmouth bass and signal crayfish may have significant and different impacts on stickleback morphology.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".