Continuous Production of Resolidified Cellulose-Based Films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Films commonly used in food packaging are often derived from petroleum-based plastics, which pose a threat to the environment due to them being nonbiodegradable and nonecological. Herein, we present an approach wherein robust and flexible cellulose-based films were continuously generated using a flow casting method, involving the extrusion of dope through a slit, followed by resolidification in acid. The extruded films were deposited on a conveyor belt submerged in an acid bath and capable of operating at speeds up to 7 cm/s. The morphological and physiochemical properties of films were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, solid-state 13 C NMR, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis revealed that carboxymethylated cellulose films regenerated at higher extrusion speeds exhibited a higher alignment in the orientation of cellulose crystals. The tensile stress of the film increased from 105 to 125 MPa as the speed of the conveyor belt increased from 0.8 to 7 cm/s. Notably, the tensile strength in the belt direction (BD) (125 MPa) is significantly higher (125 MPa) than the tensile stress in the cross direction (76 MPa). This difference confirms the anisotropic nature of the films, with cellulose chains preferentially aligning along the BD, as well as the specific crystallographic planes (11̅0) and (110).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".