Unlocking the potential of solid carbon: synergistic production with hydrogen from oil and gas resources for innovative applications and a sustainable future
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This review examines hydrogen (H2) production from oil and gas resources and the concurrent generation of solid carbon, a byproduct often viewed as waste but with significant potential for innovative uses. The motivation for this review stems from the growing need to explore sustainable H2 production methods while harnessing the potential of solid carbon byproducts, which are often underutilized. Various H2 production methods are explored, such as steam-methane reforming, partial oxidation of methane, autothermal reforming, and natural gas decomposition (NGD). These processes are effective but have environmental drawbacks, including carbon dioxide emissions. A key focus is the synergistic production of H2 and valuable solid carbon. Key findings reveal that solid carbon, produced alongside H2 from oil and gas resources, holds significant promise for innovative applications across energy storage, construction, and industrial sectors, contributing to a sustainable circular economy (CE). The diverse applications of co-produced solid carbon include electrode materials for energy storage, conductive agents, fuel cells, oxy-combustion, and construction materials. The characterization of derived carbon is analyzed, focusing on how operational conditions and catalysts influence the formation of carbon structures like nanotubes, nanofibers, and amorphous carbon. The importance of solid carbon in H2 production is highlighted, and its strategic use across industries is advocated. Policy implications are also discussed, aligning these production methods with sustainable development goals and environmental policies such as the CE and carbon capture and utilization. The findings underscore the role of solid carbon in integrating energy production with industrial applications, promoting efficient resource utilization, and advancing a sustainable CE. Graphical Abstract Hydrogen-production methods and the generation of solid carbon as a byproduct are presented. The transformative potential of solid carbon, including its diverse applications ranging from energy storage to construction, is discussed, as well as how operational conditions shape carbon’s structure. Carbon plays a pivotal role in advancing a sustainable, circular economy and has significant industrial application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".