Bibliographic record
Abstract
What Is the Issue? Bupropion is a drug used in the treatment of depression. Bupropion is 1 of many treatment options available for depression and is associated with several side effects as well as the potential for misuse. Some patients continue to experience symptoms of depression despite trying multiple medications (known as treatment-resistant depression). Therefore, it is important to determine the place in therapy of bupropion for the treatment of depression. What Did We Do? To help determine the potential place in therapy for bupropion for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment-resistant depression in adults, we sought to identify and summarize recommendations in evidence-based guidelines. We searched key resources, including journal citation databases, and conducted a focused internet search for relevant evidence published since 2019. One reviewer screened articles for inclusion based on predefined criteria, critically appraised the included publications, and narratively summarized the findings. What Did We Find? We identified 4 evidence-based guidelines that included recommendations on the use of bupropion for MDD. We identified 1 evidence-based guideline that included a recommendation on the use of bupropion for difficult-to-treat depression (defined as persistent depression despite several standard treatments). All 4 included guidelines recommend bupropion for the treatment of adults with MDD. Two of the guidelines recommend bupropion as a first-line treatment option. One guideline suggests bupropion as an option for initial pharmacologic treatment or for patients who have previously responded well to pharmacotherapy. One guideline suggests bupropion as an option for adjunctive treatment for patients in the acute phase of moderate to severe MDD who did not respond to treatment with a second-generation antidepressant. One guideline suggests bupropion as a second-line adjunctive option for adults with difficult-to-treat depression. What Does It Mean? The included evidence-based guidelines consistently recommend bupropion as an option for the treatment of adults with MDD. Additional factors such as the availability of other options, costs, and patient preferences may also be important to decision-making around the use of bupropion for MDD. Only 1 of the included guidelines included a recommendation on the use of bupropion for patients with difficult-to-treat depression. Future evidence-based guidelines that include recommendations on the use of bupropion for treatment-resistant depression would help fill the gaps identified in this report.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.064 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".