The paths to subjective and eudaimonic well-being: which aspects of leisure matter?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the increased recognition of leisure’s significance, there remains a general lack of understanding about which aspects or types of leisure contribute to higher levels of subjective and eudaimonic wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to examine how diverse aspects of leisure, such as free time availability, leisure activity participation, and subjective experiences, are associated with both subjective wellbeing (SWB; e.g. positive affect, negative affect, happiness, and life satisfaction) and eudaimonic wellbeing (EWB; ikigai). Ikigai is a Japanese concept that approximates ‘life worth living’, whereupon we explored leisure’s relevance to a non-Western well-being concept. We analyzed online survey data from 674 Japanese university students through hierarchical regressions to investigate the potential influence of leisure-related variables on SWB and EWB. The outcomes revealed that SWB was associated with free time availability, leisure activity participation, and subjective experiences, whereas EWB was primarily linked to leisure activity participation and subjective experiences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".