Thermal evolution of lava planets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rocky planets typically form with a transient magma ocean. Lava planets, however, maintain a permanent day-side magma ocean. The extent of this magma ocean depends on the planet’s thermal history. We present numerical simulations of the thermal history of tidally locked lava planets over 10 billion years, starting from a completely molten mantle. The day-side surface temperature is fixed at 3000 K, while the night-side surface temperature cools by thermal radiation. We consider planets with radii of 1.0 and 1.5${\rm R}_{\oplus}$; super-Earths have shallower steady-state magma oceans due to their greater gravity. The night-side begins crystallizing within a few thousand years, fully solidifying in 800 Myr, in the absence of tidal heating or day–night heat transport. We find that a mushy night-side can persist if at least 20 per cent of absorbed stellar power is transferred from the day to night hemisphere through magma currents, which would be feasible at a viscosity of $10^{-3}$ Pa s. Maintaining a fully molten night-side by magma ocean circulation would require unrealistically low viscosities and therefore appears unlikely. Alternatively, the night-side may remain molten if the mush layer dissipates tidal energy at a rate of $8 \times 10^{-4}$ W kg−1, which is plausible for orbital eccentricities greater than $7 \times 10^{-3}$. Night-side cooling, however, is a runaway process: increasing viscosity and mush solidification hinder both heat transport and tidal heating. Our results highlight the importance of measuring the night-side temperatures of lava planets, which would provide crucial insights into their thermal histories.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".