A lignin-based controlled/sustained release hydrogel by integrating mechanical strengthening and bioactivities of lignin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The favorable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of lignin have been shown to promote wound healing. However, the accumulation of lignin in high concentrations in the body brings about varying degrees of biotoxicity. Herein, a controlled/sustained release polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/sulfonated lignin hydrogel (PVA-CS-L) integrated mechanical strengthening and bioactivities of lignin was developed. The lignin-induced non-covalent bond network (van der Waals force, hydrogen and electrostatic interactions) promoted energy dissipation when the hydrogel was subjected to stretching and compression. This endowed the PVA-CS-L hydrogel with improved tensile (∼36 kPa) and compressive strength (∼900 kPa), as well as compressive toughness (∼9.0 MJ/m 3 ), which were superior to the polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan hydrogel (PVA-CS) (31 kPa, 680 kPa, and 7.5 MJ/m 3 , respectively). The construction of electrostatic interaction could not only slow down the sudden release of lignin but also make the hydrogel exhibit a good pH-sensitive behavior of controlled-release lignin. Also, the developed hydrogel had good biocompatibility and the released lignin had reactive oxygen species scavenging as well as inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus . Finally, preliminary evaluation of drug delivery reveals that the presence of lignin enabled the hydrogel to exhibit longer-lasting controlled/sustained epigallocatechin gallate release properties. Such lignin-based controlled/sustained release hydrogel that integrates the molecular structure and biological difunctional features of lignin gives new insight into cost-effective, easy-to-operate manufacturing of load-bearing and bioactive materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".