Enhancing SMOTE for imbalanced data with abnormal minority instances
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Imbalanced datasets are frequent in machine learning, where certain classes are markedly underrepresented compared to others. This imbalance often results in sub-optimal model performance, as classifiers tend to favour the majority class. A significant challenge arises when abnormal instances, such as outliers, exist within the minority class, diminishing the effectiveness of traditional re-sampling methods like the Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE). This manuscript addresses this critical issue by introducing four SMOTE extensions: Distance ExtSMOTE, Dirichlet ExtSMOTE, FCRP SMOTE, and BGMM SMOTE. These methods leverage a weighted average of neighbouring instances to enhance the quality of synthetic samples and mitigate the impact of outliers. Comprehensive experiments conducted on diverse simulated and real-world imbalanced datasets demonstrate that the proposed methods improve classification performance compared to the original SMOTE and its most competitive variants. Notably, we demonstrate that Dirichlet ExtSMOTE outperforms most other proposed and existing SMOTE variants in terms of achieving better F1 score, MCC, and PR-AUC. Our results underscore the effectiveness of these advanced SMOTE extensions in tackling class imbalance, particularly in the presence of abnormal instances, offering robust solutions for real-world applications. • Introducing SMOTE extensions to counter abnormal instance effects. • Inverse distances, Dirichlet distribution and Bayesian mixture models are used. • Achieved improved F1 score, MCC, and PR-AUC in experiments. • Improved performance on both simulated and real-world imbalanced datasets. • Methods provide robust solutions for class imbalance in real-world applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".