Effects of Vitamin A Supplementation in Female Broodstock Diets of African Catfish on Egg Quality, Egg and Liver Retinol, Ovary Estradiol, and Larval Survival
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of feeding five experimental diets NoRE, 1666RE, 3332RE, 6664RE, 13,328RE containing different vitamin A acetate levels (VA): 0, 1666, 3332, 6664 13328 40, 60 IU kg -1 diet, respectively, on egg quality, egg and liver retinol, ovary estradiol, and larval survival rate of African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ) broodstock was studied in a tripodal 60-day feeding trials. These were designated as F0, F1 and F2, making a 180-day feeding experiment. The preliminary phase (F0) was conducted to detoxify the broodstocks of cellular VA. The second and third phases (F1, F0) were conducted to access first and the second spawning seasons. During the preliminary phase experimental fish were fed with the basal diet (control diet) thrice a day three percent (3%) fresh body weight. The mean percentage fertilized egg was significantly higher in fish fed diets 6664 RE and 13328 RE than others and ranged from 73 to 98% for both halves. The mean percentage hatched egg was significantly higher (p<0.05) in fish fed 13,328 IU Kg -1 than others and ranged from 80 to 100% for both halves. The retinol content in eggs was significantly higher in fish fed 13,328 IU Kg -1 than others and ranged from 175 to 3884 and 204 and 4022 IU kg -1 for F1(60) and F2(60) respectively. No retinol was detected in livers. The Estradiol residues significantly (p<0.05) increased with increase concentration and was significantly higher (p<0.05) in F2 (60). Larval survival rate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed diet 3332 to 13328 RE and was significantly higher in F2 (60) than F1 (60). Retarded growth, poor feed efficiency, abnormal coloration, and bone and fin erosion were observed as signs of VA deficiency in fish fed 0 IU kg −1 . No effect of VA excess was observed. On the whole, fortification of brood stock fish diet of C. gariepinus has resulted in positive growth and reproduction parameters. The aquaculture industry should follow the lead of the more advanced poultry industry and begin formulating broodstock and sex-specific rations. Vitamin A dosage as high as 13,328 IU kg -1 diet is recommended for such ration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".