Cholinergic neurotransmission in the anterior cingulate cortex is associated with cognitive performance in healthy older adults: Baseline characteristics of the Improving Neurological Health in Aging via Neuroplasticity-based Computerized Exercise (INHANCE) trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aging is associated with dysfunction in the cholinergic system, including degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic terminals that innervate the cortex, which directly contributes to age- and disease-related cognitive decline. In this study, we used [18F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18F]FEOBV) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to assess the effect of age on cholinergic terminal integrity in predefined regions of interest and its relationship to cognitive performance in healthy older adults who underwent neuropsychological assessment and FEOBV PET brain imaging. Our results showed age-related reductions in FEOBV binding, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex-our primary region of interest-as well as in the striatum, posterior cingulate cortex, and primary auditory cortex. Notably, FEOBV binding in the anterior cingulate cortex was positively correlated with cognitive performance on the NIH EXAMINER Executive Composite Score. These findings suggest that [18F]FEOBV PET imaging can be used as a reliable biomarker to assess cholinergic changes in the human brain and indicate that preserving the cholinergic integrity of the basal forebrain may help maintain cognitive function and protect against age-related cognitive decline.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".