Distribution of haploid chromosomes into separate nuclei in two pathogenic fungi
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The presence of nuclei defines eukaryotes, enabling compartmentalization of macromolecules and cellular regulation. Inside the nucleus, chromosome numbers vary greatly across organisms, both in terms of ploidy status and haploid chromosome number. For cells harboring multiple nuclei as in many fungal mycelia and animal muscle cells, each healthy nucleus is traditionally believed to carry at least one haploid set of chromosomes. Abnormal chromosome numbers in nuclei are often associated with aging, diseases such as cancer, developmental disorders or lethality. Here we report a surprising discovery that chromosomes in haploid cells of the fungal species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are segregated into separate nuclei, with each nucleus containing only a fraction of the chromosomes. This is the first report of eukaryotic cells that partition chromosome subsets into distinct nuclei, bringing new questions and opening fresh avenues for chromosome biology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".