LONG TERM NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOME AND EFFECT OF COGNITIVE RESERVE IN RETIRED ATHLETES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives Cognitive reserve is hypothesised as a protective process against cognitive impairment arising from brain injury. Different life experiences provide a shield against the effects of brain changes to modulate or delay the expression of cognitive impairment. The current study investigated the long-term neuropsychological outcome of retired, predominantly equestrian, athletes. Methods Neuropsychological performance of participants with a history of concussion was compared to age-matched controls using Principle Components Analysis (PCA) regression, adjusted for participant characteristics. Premorbid function was used as an index of cognitive reserve. Results Three components were identified that explained greater than 95 percent of the variance in 14 neuropsychology tests; the first component (PC1) explained 87 percent of the variance. A regression model on PC1 identified an association between concussion and PC1, with lower scores in concussed participants with lower premorbid function. Conclusions A history of concussion is associated with lower neuropsychological performance, and this is more pronounced in individuals with lower premorbid functioning, an indicator of cognitive reserve. What is already known on this topic There is a need to clarify long term neuropsychological outcome following sports related concussion. What this study adds There is a subset of retired athletes who are better able to withstand the cognitive impact of sports related concussion given higher cognitive reserve. How this study might affect research, practice or policy Future research needs to explore modifiable factors to protect brain health in retired athletes, with the use of clinically meaningful measures of cognitive functioning. There is a need for longitudinal assessment and follow-up to clarify the role of cognitive reserve in retired athletes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".