Paradiplomacy and the role of subnational authorities in the implementation of diaspora policies. The case of decentralized cooperation between France and Mali
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article critically reflects on the approach of non-state actors involved in migration policies by exploring the implementation of diaspora policies in sub-Saharan Africa. It builds on growing interest in diversity and local integration policies intended for sub-Saharan migrants in Europe. Indeed, since the mid-1980s, local authorities and scholars in European countries have focused their attention on local policy development for immigrants within their territories. This article contributes to the literature on international development and global governance of migration by questioning both origin and host countries subnational authorities’ use of international development in the governance of migrant communities. It demonstrates how diasporic practices and policies interact with the structure and paradiplomatic strategies of subnational authorities in countries of origin and destination. It also examines how, through these activities, diaspora actors have acquired a status as political entrepreneurs and a legitimacy for political intervention comparable to that of subnational authorities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".