Enlarged choroid plexus related to atrophy of hippocampal subfield volumes and glymphatic dysfunction in benzodiazepine use disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIMS: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of choroid plexus (CP) volume with hippocampal subregion volume and glymphatic system in patients with benzodiazepine use disorders (BUD). METHODS: Eighty-four participants were recruited including 23 patients with BUD, 29 patients with chronic insomnia (CI) and 32 healthy controls (HC). The morphological alterations in CP, hippocampal subfield volumes and diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) index were compared between the three groups and the relationships between CP volume and hippocampal subfield volumes and the glymphatic system were further investigated. RESULTS: Compared with the HC individuals, the CP volumes augmented and hippocampal subfield volumes reduced in patients with BUD (P < .05) but not in patients with CI (P > .05). In patients with BUD, there were extensive relationships between augmented CP volume and decreased hippocampal subfield volumes (P < .05, r = -0.421--0.513). CP volume was negatively related with the DTI-ALPS index (r = -0.582, P = .004) within the BUD group. In patients with BUD, the volume of bilateral cornu ammonis (CA)1 body, molecular layer (ML) body, hippocampal tail, left CA1 head volumes, right dentate gyrus body volumes, and right CA4 body volumes were positively related with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (P < .05, r = 0.422-0.683). Right CA1 and ML body volumes positively related with the Mini-Mental State Examination scores (P < .05, r = 0.503-0.575). CONCLUSIONS: The enlarged CP related to atrophy of hippocampal subfield volumes and the glymphatic system dysfunction were shown in BUD patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".