Ice Cream and Frozen Dairy Desserts: Classification and History
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The history of ice cream dates back to the 13th century when Marco Polo introduced ice cream formulation from Asia to Europe, leading to its spread in Italy, France, Germany, and England before reaching the United States. In 1851, the first ice cream factory was established in the United States, marking the transition from artisanal to industrial production. Advancements in the 20th century, such as refrigeration and production techniques, fueled the growth of the ice cream industry. Ice cream is a frozen food made from cow's milk and various permissible ingredients. Typically, it contains 12% fat, 11% nonfat milk solids, 15% sugar, stabilizers, emulsifiers, and other components. It has a three-phase structure consisting of liquid, solid, and gas. Nutritionally, ice cream provides energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, and riboflavin. Consumption and production of ice cream vary worldwide, with countries like New Zealand, Australia, and Canada being top consumers, and the United States, China, and Canada being top producers. Various ice cream types are based on ingredients and flavoring agents, influenced by factors like raw materials, consumer preferences, costs, and quality. Stabilizer and emulsifier percentages may vary in different mixtures, and commercial categorization methods are used to classify ice cream products. Recently, probiotic microorganisms have been incorporated into ice cream formulation and various types of ice cream are introduced to consumers like probiotic and postbiotic ice creams.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".