Eurytemora unmasked: trophic role of a cryptic copepod complex in larval rainbow smelt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax uses the maximum turbidity zone (MTZ) of the St. Lawrence Estuary as a nursery area, with its prey field dominated by the calanoid copepod complex Eurytemora affinis . This cryptic species complex is a vital link between primary production and higher trophic levels, serving as crucial prey for fish larvae. We evaluated the contribution of the North Atlantic clade (NAC) of E. affinis and the Atlantic clade (now described as E. carolleeae ) to the diet of early stages of rainbow smelt across MTZ habitats. In summer 2021, 4 surveys revealed a heterogeneous distribution of smelt and its copepod prey, with highest mean abundances found in the oligohaline habitat compared to the limnetic and mesohaline habitats. Ontogenetic diet shifts were observed; the E. affinis complex was the predominant prey in June and July, while the mysid Neomysis americana increased in importance in August. Using a newly developed qPCR assay, we revealed that E. affinis NAC was the predominant prey, with 72% of stomachs containing only this Eurytemora species; thus, E. carolleeae played a minor role in energy transfer. Similarly, E. affinis NAC dominated in the environment, indicating that rainbow smelt larvae exploit the most abundant resource available. This study highlights the critical role of E. affinis NAC in sustaining energy transfer pathways towards larval rainbow smelt for 1 yr; however, interannual variation within the cryptic complex in the MTZ should be further assessed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".