An ultra-short-period super-Earth with an extremely high density and an outer companion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We present the discovery and characterization of a new multi-planetary system around the Sun-like star K2-360 (EPIC 201595106). K2-360 was first identified in K2 photometry as the host of an ultra-short-period (USP) planet candidate with a period of 0.88 d. We obtained follow-up transit photometry, confirming the star as the host of the signal. High precision radial velocity measurements from HARPS and HARPS-N confirm the transiting USP planet and reveal the existence of an outer (non-transiting) planet with an orbital period of $$\sim$$ ∼ 10 d. We measure a mass of $$7.67 \pm 0.75$$ 7.67 ± 0.75 $$M_{\oplus }$$ M ⊕ and a radius of $$1.57 \pm 0.08$$ 1.57 ± 0.08 $$R_{\oplus }$$ R ⊕ for the transiting planet, yielding a high mean density of $$11 \pm 2$$ 11 ± 2 g $$\hbox {cm}^{-3}$$ cm - 3 , making it the densest well-characterized USP super-Earth discovered to date. We measure a minimum mass of $$15.2 \pm 1.8$$ 15.2 ± 1.8 $$M_{\oplus }$$ M ⊕ for the outer planet, and explore a migration formation pathway via the von Zeipel–Kozai–Lidov (ZKL) mechanism and tidal dissipation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".