Continuous Monitoring of Permafrost and Active Layer Dynamics with Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography on King George Island, Antarctica
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a geophysical technique that is often used to characterize and monitor permafrost. Automated ERT (A-ERT) systems enable the collection of temporally dense datasets without the need for repeated site visits. So far, only a few A-ERT systems have been deployed in permafrost environments. We present the results of an A-ERT system installed on King George Island, Antarctica. The system withstood the harsh Antarctic environment and collected resistivity data four times a day for a full year in 2022-2023. Resistivity data captured seasonal freezing and thawing, as well as short-term meteorological events. Resistivity was used to estimate changes in unfrozen water content, and co-located temperature and soil moisture data were used to assess relationships between resistivity, soil moisture, and temperature. This work showcases the ability of A-ERT systems to monitor permafrost and soil moisture dynamics and contributes a unique dataset to global permafrost monitoring efforts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".