A Wideband Omnidirectional Metasurface Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A wideband omnidirectional metasurface antenna has been proposed. The characteristic mode analysis (CMA) was applied to explore the modal behaviors of the metasurface and guide the design. The proposed metasurface is designed based on a 5 × 5 square patched array, which is a hybrid metasurface incorporating square patches with 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 subarrays in a distributive arrangement, significantly improving the bandwidth and current distribution over a wide band. By properly adjusting the sizes of these elements, the bandwidth and gain are further improved. Based on the predicted excitation of the metasurface, a probe center-fed circular patch is introduced on the bottom layer, which not only excites the metasurface but also generates an additional mode to compensate the metasurface for attaining stable omnidirectional radiation. An antenna prototype was simulated, fabricated, and tested. The results show that the proposed antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 70.1%, a peak gain ranging from 2 dBi to 6 dBi, and radiates a good omnidirectional pattern.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".