A D-Band Differential Phase Shifter Based on a Transmission Delay Line With Variable Inductors and Capacitors
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transmission delay line (TDL) differential phase shifter (PS) with 5-bit resolution, operating at D-band frequencies (120–146 GHz), is proposed. It provides bi-directional 180° phase shift characteristics with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$50~\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> input/output impedances. It consists of eight LC cells. Each unit cell has a series inductor and two shunt capacitors. The inductance is controlled with a switched coupled inductor (SCI), and the capacitances are controlled with variable capacitors. The 1st to 6th cells are identical, where a unit cell provides a 22.5° phase shift. The 7th and 8th cells are for phase shifts of 11.25°/22.5° and 5.625°/11.25°, respectively. These are achieved by using dual-switched coupled inductors (DSCI) and varactors in each cell. The proposed PS is designed in a 40-nm CMOS process, occupying 0.24 mm2 including I/O pads with a core size of 0.09 mm2. The maximum measured insertion loss was −17.2 dB at 142 GHz, and the loss variation across all 33 phases was within 1.5 dB.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it