A D-Band Differential Phase Shifter Based on a Transmission Delay Line With Variable Inductors and Capacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transmission delay line (TDL) differential phase shifter (PS) with 5-bit resolution, operating at D-band frequencies (120–146 GHz), is proposed. It provides bi-directional 180° phase shift characteristics with$50~\Omega $input/output impedances. It consists of eight LC cells. Each unit cell has a series inductor and two shunt capacitors. The inductance is controlled with a switched coupled inductor (SCI), and the capacitances are controlled with variable capacitors. The 1st to 6th cells are identical, where a unit cell provides a 22.5° phase shift. The 7th and 8th cells are for phase shifts of 11.25°/22.5° and 5.625°/11.25°, respectively. These are achieved by using dual-switched coupled inductors (DSCI) and varactors in each cell. The proposed PS is designed in a 40-nm CMOS process, occupying 0.24 mm2 including I/O pads with a core size of 0.09 mm2. The maximum measured insertion loss was −17.2 dB at 142 GHz, and the loss variation across all 33 phases was within 1.5 dB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".