Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of thermal waves as a potential propulsion method has been investigated. The test flow system involves two horizontal parallel plates, one fixed and exposed to thermal waves and the other allowed to move. The propulsive effect is quantified using the velocity of this plate. It is shown that, in general, the plate moves opposite to the wave direction, but its characteristics depend on whether the waves have subcritical or supercritical amplitudes. In the case of subcritical amplitudes, the plate velocity varies proportionally to the square of the wave amplitude, and its most effective wavelength corresponds to the wave number α≈2. In the case of supercritical amplitudes, the system response is affected by nonlinear thermal streaming, which produces faster plate movement. The plate velocity variations as a function of the wave velocity exhibit hysteresis with respect to changing wave direction; multiple solutions are possible for nominally identical flow conditions, with some of the solution branches terminating at limit points.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".