Artificial intelligence research in radiation oncology: a practical guide for the clinician on concepts and methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) holds great promise for radiation oncology, with many applications being reported in the literature, including some of which are already in clinical use. These are mainly in areas where AI provides benefits in efficiency (such as automatic segmentation and treatment planning). Prediction models that directly impact patient decision-making are far less mature in terms of their application in clinical practice. Part of the limited clinical uptake of these models may be explained by the need for broader knowledge, among practising clinicians within the medical community, about the processes of AI development. This lack of understanding could lead to low commitment to AI research, widespread scepticism, and low levels of trust. This attitude towards AI may be further negatively impacted by the perception that deep learning is a "black box" with inherently low transparency. Thus, there is an unmet need to train current and future clinicians in the development and application of AI in medicine. Improving clinicians' AI-related knowledge and skills is necessary to enhance multidisciplinary collaboration between data scientists and physicians, that is, involving a clinician in the loop during AI development. Increased knowledge may also positively affect the acceptance and trust of AI. This paper describes the necessary steps involved in AI research and development, and thus identifies the possibilities, limitations, challenges, and opportunities, as seen from the perspective of a practising radiation oncologist. It offers the clinician with limited knowledge and experience in AI valuable tools to evaluate research papers related to an AI model application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.011 | 0.023 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.027 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".