Prenatal choline supplementation enhances metabolic outcomes with differential impact on DNA methylation in Wistar rat offspring and dams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Prenatal extra choline produced offspring with lower body weight and food intake. • Offspring of choline-supplemented dams had higher insulin sensitivity. • Dams supplemented with choline had higher hepatic Irs2 gene expression compared to the control. • Choline supplementation during pregnancy led to higher hepatic Irs2 gene expression in female offspring and lower Irs1 gene expression in male offspring compared to the control. • Differential DNA methylation patterns occurred with greater hepatic betaine and GPC. Choline is an essential nutrient required for proper functioning of organs and serves as a methyl donor. In liver where choline metabolism primarily occurs, glucose homeostasis is regulated through insulin receptor substrates (IRS) 1 and 2. The objective of this research was to determine the role of prenatal choline as a modulator of metabolic health and DNA methylation in liver of offspring and dams. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were fed an AIN-93G diet and received drinking water either with supplemented 0.25% choline (w/w) as choline bitartrate or untreated control. All offspring were weaned to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Prenatal choline supplementation led to higher insulin sensitivity in female offspring at weaning as well as lower body weight and food intake and higher insulin sensitivity in female and male adult offspring compared to offspring from untreated dams. Higher hepatic betaine concentrations were observed in dams and female offspring of choline-supplemented dams at weaning and higher glycerophosphocholine in female and male offspring at postweaning compared to the untreated control, suggestive of sustaining different choline pathways. Hepatic gene expression of Irs2 was higher in dams at weaning and female offspring at weaning and postweaning, whereas Irs1 was lower in male offspring at postweaning. Gene-specific DNA methylation of Irs2 was lower in female offspring at postweaning and Irs1 methylation was higher in male offspring at postweaning that exhibited an inverse relationship between methylation and gene expression. In conclusion, prenatal choline supplementation contributes to improved parameters of insulin signaling but these effects varied across time and offspring sex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".