Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE), density, and viscosity of the ternary mixtures of ethane, water, and bitumen at T = 190–210 °C and P = 2.5 MPa—Measurements and CPA-EoS modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• VLE of ethane/water/bitumen at t = 190–210 °C and p = 2.5 MPa are studied. • CPA EoS is employed to predict the VLE, LLE and VLLE data. • Ternary diagrams are constructed to illustrate L, LL, VL, and VLL phase regions. • Measured the density and viscosity of oleic phase at various compositions. • Phase boundaries were determined by stability analysis and flash calculations. In this paper, we study vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) of a ternary system consisting of ethane, water and Mackay River bitumen. The experimental measurements were compared with the predictions of the Cubic Plus Association (CPA) Equation of State (EoS) model at temperatures ranging from 190 to 210 °C and at 2.5 MPa pressure. The feed mole fractions of ethane and water are varied while maintaining a constant bitumen mole fraction to study the VLE region and the associated thermophysical properties, such as the density and viscosity, of the liquid phase. The ternary phase diagrams are constructed at three different temperatures (190, 200, and 210 °C) and pressure at 2.5 MPa. Liquid (L), liquid–liquid (LL), vapor–liquid (VL), and vapor–liquid–liquid (VLL) phase boundaries are determined using phase stability analysis and flash calculations. The experimentally determined phase molar compositions are reported for ethane, water, and bitumen and compared with the model predictions. The AARDs for predicting the liquid phase composition for bitumen, water, and ethane are 1.71 %, 9.34 %, and 3.16 %, respectively. For the vapor phase composition, the AARDs for the water and ethane are 5.91 % and 4.75 %, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".