Assessing Bulge-Induced Damage in Coke Drums to Plan Structural Weld Overlay Repairs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Depending on the cycle time, design, fabrication, and operations, coke drum repairs could be required in as little as five years of operation. In the last fifteen years, use of Structural Weld Overlay (SWOL) as a repair strategy to extend the remaining life of coke drums has increased. Bulge-induced damage in the cylindrical and conical sections is one of the main reasons for SWOL repairs to be executed in vessels. The Local Plastic Strain Indicator, abbreviated as LPSI, is used as a methodology to show two cases of how bulge-induced damage evolves and at what point SWOL repairs should be applied in coke drums. LPSI identifies and ranks bulges prone to local failures using an estimation of plastic strain calibrated against bulges that developed internal or external bulge-induced damage. The LPSI is the ratio of the plastic strain found at the analyzed point to the calibrated strain limit found at points where through-wall cracks occurred due to bulging, in a percentage form. As the cases show, there have been many premature repairs executed because of the lack of assessment of surface damage and problems with damage have then developed at the edges of those weld overlay repairs. At the end, guidance about how strain levels and surface damage should be combined to better assess SWOL repairs areas is provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".