Analysis of In Vivo Plant Volatiles Using Active Sampling and TD-GC×GC-TOFMS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Plants constantly produce primary and secondary metabolites, and a significant fraction of these are volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Factors including the life stage of the plant, temperature, environment, and stress influence the abundance and types of VOCs emitted. The analysis of VOCs released by plants during different stages or with different conditions provides insight into plant metabolism and stress responses. Collecting the VOC profiles of plants in vivo makes it possible to obtain a representative sample of the entire plant volatilome under controlled conditions with minimal invasiveness. In addition, in vivo sampling can also be used to compare the impacts of different environmental conditions or stressors on plants, i.e., the presence/absence of a pest or amount of nitrogen in soil. Methods: In this study, an in vivo plant sampling technique is introduced and validated using active sampling and thermal desorption (TD) tubes with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TD-GC×GC-TOFMS). The purpose of this work is to highlight a novel technique to analyze headspace secondary plant metabolites with a minimal invasiveness. Results: It was concluded that in vivo active sampling onto TD tubes provides a wider global coverage of compounds and larger peak areas when compared to extraction by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Additionally, the Horwitz ratio of active sampling onto TD tubes was 0.893, demonstrating this technique to be a reliable and reproducible method. Lastly, a variety of plants were sampled to assess the versatility of this technique across various plant species with different sizes and volatile profiles. Hundreds of compounds were measured with this analysis, including terpenes, aldehydes, ketones, terpenoids, and alcohols. Conclusions: This novel in vivo active sampling method provides an additional technique for extracting and analyzing volatile secondary plant metabolites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".