Pumping Groundwater to Create Cold‐Water Thermal Refuges in Warming Rivers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Thermal refuges in rivers and streams provide critical habitat for cold‐water species during periods of thermal stress. In this study, we created a new cold‐water thermal refuge by pumping cool groundwater to a warm coastal river in Nova Scotia, Canada. Thermal infrared imagery revealed a notable thermal plume, measuring approximately 55 m 2 at the water surface during low‐flow conditions, with mixing limited by the installation of a flow deflector. Above‐water and underwater cameras recorded several fish utilizing the created cold‐water plume during periods of high ambient river temperatures (up to 30°C). Thermal numerical modelling was conducted to interpret the field data and assess the impact of alternative designs and conditions. Model results revealed that the extent of the created thermal plume substantially increased (+202%) with the use of a deflector and that the plume size was controlled by several factors including the river flow rate and temperature, the pumping rate and the groundwater temperature. The study findings demonstrate the efficacy of creating cold‐water habitat in the face of a warming climate and lay the foundation for future proactive thermal management strategies aimed at maintaining thermal diversity in warming rivers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".