Bibliographic record
Abstract
This report examines the legal and institutional frameworks, operational infrastructure, and international cooperation involved in the removal of inadmissible foreign nationals and rejected refugee protection claimants from Canada. The analysis highlights that the Canadian return policy pursues two objectives: (1) facilitate the arrest, detention, and removal of foreign nationals, notably those who would pose a security risk; (2) safeguard the human rights of foreign nationals and refugee protection claimants. The first objective stems from the post-9/11 political context dominated by security concerns in which the contemporary Canadian return policy has been constructed. The second objective is epitomized by the need for the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act to be applied in a manner consistent with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the international human rights instruments to which Canada is signatory. However, the indefinite administrative detention of foreign nationals for noncriminal purposes, including in provincial jails, suggests tensions between the two objectives. The report also indicates that the Canadian return governance landscape consists of policy and operational responsibilities borne by the federal government and agencies, which are monitored by administrative tribunals and federal and provincial superior courts, and involve NGOs and international actors. The report outlines the gaps in the Canadian return policy that threaten the human rights of foreign nationals and refugee protection claimants, highlights the operational difficulties in tracking the status of removal orders, and reflects the lack of cooperation of some countries of origin. Finally, the report develops two policy suggestions to protect foreign nationals' human rights: (1) setting a maximum period of detention for noncriminal purposes in accordance with international human rights standards and (2) establishing an independent oversight body to monitor the arrests, detentions, and removals of foreign nationals by the Canada Border Services Agency.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.014 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".