Scrap tire pad isolators: Influence of treaded portions and layer configurations in bonded and unbonded conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In seismic regions the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes poses significant challenges, particularly in underdeveloped and developing nations where resources for robust and resilient infrastructure are limited. The research objective was to develop low-cost scrap-tire pad (STP) isolators to mitigate earthquake effects on unreinforced masonry buildings, which are prevalent in underdeveloped and developing nations due to their affordability and ease of production. Experimental testing was undertaken to ascertain the mechanical characteristics of STP isolators derived from car tires, considering variations in treaded portions and different layer stacking configurations under both layer bonded and unbonded conditions. Through experimental testing, selected mechanical characteristics such as the shear strain capacity, lateral and vertical stiffness, lateral damping ratio, and stiffness ratio were evaluated and discussed. Of the four categories considered, detreaded layer bonded STP isolators (DLB-STP) are recommended for further investigation and future application because of the comparatively high average shear strain capacity and stiffness ratio, while also demonstrating better consistency in mechanical properties. • Experimental testing of layer bonded and unbonded scrap tire pad (STP) isolators. • Influence of layer stacking configuration (i.e., reinforcement orientation) investigated. • Sensitivity to tread thickness identified; classification for detreaded STP devices proposed. • Unbonded treaded devices determined to be inappropriate for isolation applications. • Beneficial natural bonding phenomenon identified.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".