Adapting piezoelectric ring actuator for early hydration monitoring in cementitious materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract There is a need for non‐destructive testing (NDT) methods to evaluate concrete properties in fresh and hardened states. The current study aims to utilize the piezoelectric ring actuator technique (P‐RAT), originally developed for soil applications, to assess the properties of cementitious materials. The research presents the adaptation of P‐RAT to monitor hydration kinetics of cement‐based materials at an early age. The technique measures shear wave velocity ( V S ) through the materials, offering insights into their behavior during the setting process. The methodology involves a new configuration for the sample holder and new ring dimensions adapted to obtain resonance frequency appropriate for evaluating the cementitious materials at an early age. The study includes an experimental evaluation of different cement paste and mortar mixtures—focusing on examining factors like repeatability, calibration, and ability to determine setting times using both P‐RAT in comparison to traditional methods like the Vicat needle test. The study demonstrates the feasibility of adapting the P‐RAT technique to measure V S along with its potential to provide valuable insights into the cement‐based materials' characteristics during their critical early stages of development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".