Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates ostensible refusals in response to four types of stimulus speech acts (request, suggestion, invitation and offer). Based on the collected data, the study aims to make an overall analysis of ostensible refusal speech acts in Chinese language and explores the basic guiding principle that underlies the interactional process of ostensible refusing. Consequently, it briefly revisits the ostensible refusals in Chinese context. The results show that ostensible refusals can exist in all four types of initiating speech acts, among which the ostensible refusals to request and suggestion are rarely investigated. Overall, ostensible refusals rely on both linguistic and non-linguistic (prosodic and paralinguistic features) devices. In terms of manner and pragmatic efforts of ostensible refusing, they vary slightly from type to type. Underlying the ostensible refusal-negotiation is the dynamic balance principle which guides interactants to employ different pragmatic strategies in ostensible refusing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".