Travel distances from institutions designated to detain women and girls to procedural (surgical) abortion facilities in Australia: A geospatial analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Women are a fast growing population in prisons in Australia. The growing number of women in prisons challenges the ability of correctional services to meet gendered healthcare needs. People in prisons for women face a number of barriers accessing essential sexual and reproductive healthcare needs, including access to abortion. Distance is one potential barrier to accessing care. The purpose of this study was to create a directory of all institutions of incarceration designated to detain women or girls in Australia (including state-based correctional centres, youth detention centres, immigration detention centres, and secure forensic hospital); create a directory of all known procedural abortion facilities listed in state and territory-based abortion service directories and; measure the distance in kilometres and travel time between institutions of incarceration designated for women or girls and procedural abortion facilities. Among the 55 identified institutions designated to incarcerate women or girls, we identified distances between institutions of incarceration and procedural abortion services ranging from 0.4 to 2604 km, with the largest distances observed in Western Australia. The majority of institutions of incarceration were located between 20 and 100 km away from a procedural abortion facility. Despite decriminalization, the availability of procedural abortion varies greatly across Australia, and inequities may be exacerbated for people in state or youth correctional centres, immigration detention centres, and secure forensic hospitals or rehabilitation units. Distance represents just one barrier to accessing essential reproductive healthcare, and further research is needed to identify additional barriers and implications for health equity, reproductive justice and reproductive autonomy. • Travel distance to care represents one potential barrier to accessing abortion while incarcerated in Australia. • Prisons can be considered abortion deserts, wherein the distance required to travel to care makes access difficult. • Ensuring access to abortion while incarcerated is essential for protecting reproductive autonomy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".