The Dual‐Role of Benzothiadiazole Fluorophores for Enabling Electrofluorochromic and Electrochromic Devices
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Three unsymmetric fluorophores differing in their flanking electron acceptor (−NO 2 , −CN, −CHO) were investigated for their electrofluorochromism and electrochromism. The emission yield of the ‐NO 2 substituted fluorophore in the solid state was ca. 9‐fold less than its ‐CN and ‐CHO counterparts. Visible color changes of the fluorophores were observed with an applied potential. The intensity of the near‐infrared absorption at ca. 1500 nm formed upon electrochemical oxidation was contingent on the electron‐withdrawing group: 2‐fold more intense with the ‐CN substitution than its ‐H counterpart. The coloration efficiency was upwards of 655 cm 2 C −1 and the bleaching kinetics (t b ; 22 s) of the NIR band decreased according to ‐NO 2 >‐CN>‐ CHO ≈ ‐H. The electrochemically generated states could be reversibly formed during 120 min of switching the applied potential. The contrast ratio of the radical cation and the NIR absorption was near unity and 60–82 %, respectively. The photoemission intensity of the fluorophores could also be modulated with applied potentials. The collective electrochemically mediated color switching and emission intensity modulation along with their solid‐state emission demonstrate that benzothiadiazole fluorophores can play a dual role in chromic devices both as the color switching and photoemission intensity modulating material.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".