Enhancing Information Freshness and Energy Efficiency in D2D Networks Through DRL-Based Scheduling and Resource Management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates resource management in device-to-device (D2D) networks coexisting with cellular user equipment (CUEs). We introduce a novel model for joint scheduling and resource management in D2D networks, taking into account environmental constraints. To preserve information freshness, measured by minimizing the average age of information (AoI), and to effectively utilize energy harvesting (EH) technology to satisfy the network's energy needs, we formulate an online optimization problem. This formulation considers factors such as the quality of service (QoS) for both CUEs and D2Ds, available power, information freshness, and environmental sensing requirements. Due to the mixed-integer nonlinear nature and online characteristics of the problem, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach to solve it effectively. Numerical results show that the proposed joint scheduling and resource management strategy, utilizing the soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm, reduces the average AoI by 20% compared to other baseline methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".