Influence of phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins on the gasification of high-pressure laminate waste materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The repurposing of industrial solid wastes for sustainable energy production figures as a convenient alternative to decrease the carbon footprint of industrial processes by increasing circularity and reducing the utilization of fossil-based energy vectors. The furniture industry generates significant amounts of carbon-based waste materials, including high-pressure laminates (HPL) that comprise cellulose-based materials treated with thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde and melamine-formaldehyde resins. There are currently no energy recovery studies for this type of waste, especially concerning thermochemical conversion. In this work, we proposed to evaluate the potential of HPL wastes for the generation of energy relevant gaseous products (syngas) by gasification, using air and steam as gasifying agents in a downdraft gasifier. The influence of temperature (600–900 °C), equivalence ratio (ER, 0.20–0.30) and the presence of the thermosetting formaldehyde-based resins were evaluated in the composition (H 2 content, H 2 /CO ratio) and lower heating value (LHV) of the obtained syngas. The increase in temperature positively influenced the H 2 content in the final gas product, contrarily to the increase in ER. High temperature (900 °C) and low ER (0.20) were found to favor H 2 production (43.8%vol), increase syngas fraction (58.0%vol) and LHV (7.4 MJ/Nm 3 ) of the gas products. The presence of the thermosetting resins contributed to the production of a larger syngas fraction with high H 2 content (62.3%vol, H 2 /CO = 2.4). Overall, gasification of HPL wastes was shown to be a promising alternative to the production of hydrogen-rich syngas with potential industrial applications. • H 2 -rich syngas rich was produced from the gasification of HPL wastes. • The use of steam in has a positive influence on the H 2 content. • The gasification of HPL wastes produced high fraction syngas streams. • Thermosetting resins increased H 2 content and syngas fraction. • Grain and random pore kinetic models best described the gasification process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".