Turbulent flow structure around a single submerged angled spur dike under ice cover
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This experimental study examines the velocity fields around the single submerged spur dike in a large-scale flume under three flow conditions: open channel, smooth ice-covered, and rough ice-covered. The effects of dike orientation were investigated for alignment angles of 90°, 120°, and 135°. Instantaneous three-dimensional velocity components were recorded using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter. Results show that the spur dikes generate distinct transverse flow regions in the streamwise, lateral, and vertical directions. Alignment angles greater than 90° reduced streamwise velocity near the dikes, while the frontal surface of the dike tip exhibited increased velocity magnitudes. Downstream, significant variations in Reynolds shear stress were observed, driven by flow separation and the formation of a recirculation wake zone. Quadrant analysis revealed that under ice-covered conditions, turbulent interactions near the dike tip were dominated by ejection and sweep events, whereas sweep events were more prevalent in open channel flows, influencing overall flow dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".