THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN ENTREPRENEURSHIP ON URBANISATION PROCESSES IN THE UKRAINIAN NADAZOVIA (LAST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH - EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The research purpose. The article, based on the study of office records of local governments of the Ukrainian cities of Nadazovia (lands above the Azov Sea)- Mariupol and Berdiansk, statistical materials and materials of periodicals, highlights the impact of foreign entrepreneurship on urbanisation processes in the region in the last quarter of the nineteenth - early twentieth centuries. The main research findings. It has been found that the main city-forming factors in the study period, in addition to trade, there were such sectors as industry and transport. It is described thatunlike many Ukrainian cities, where urbanisation was largely caused by industrialisation, this process had its own specifics in Mariupol and Berdiansk, associated with the development of these cities as port cities and constant presence of foreign citizens (colonists, merchants, entrepreneurs) in the region. Among them were Greeks, Germans, Italians, Belgians, French, and British citizens. It was these foreign citizens who were the main driving force and initiators of many achievements of urban culture in their own countries into local urban life. The article proves that foreign entrepreneurs continued to play a significant role in urbanisation processes in the Ukrainian Nadazovia in the last third of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Thanks to their active involvement in the processes of industrialisation and modernisation, the port cities of the region turned into large commercial and industrial centres, where dozens of important urban functions were formed that determined their modern appearance: housing of various types; industry; communal and warehousing services; trade of various levels and different specialisations; healthcare facilities of various types. Conclusions. The cities of the Ukrainian Nadazovia region were among the leaders of urbanisation in Ukraine, as port cities involved in international trade had additional opportunities for accelerated development in the most important areas of modernisation: finance, transport, machine and shipbuilding, and infrastructure development. This determined the local specifics of urban development in comparison with other regions of the South and South-East of Ukraine. However, in addition to positive results, the influence of foreign entrepreneurs on urbanisation processes had negative consequences. This was facilitated by the tsarist government's policy of comprehensive protection of foreign firms. This policy greatly complicated the process of developing local small and medium-sized businesses, which in European countries traditionally accounted for the vast majority of jobs and local budget financing, and led to foreign businesses neglecting local interests. That is why, in the early twentieth century, social problems and social tensions in the region were growing rapidly. Keywords: Ukrainian Nadazovia, foreign entrepreneurship, industrialisation, urbanisation, urban environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".