Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This book traces the history of Canadian foreign policy from a time when positioning Canada first meant shunning international obligations to the more collective approach that is common today. It highlights key decisions taken and not taken in Ottawa that have shaped Canadians’ safety, security, and prosperity over the last one hundred years. The chapters are organized around the governments of Canadian prime ministers. They begin with an overview of foreign policy during the period. Case studies focused on issues including immigration, environmental reform, the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, foreign trade, international development, hostage diplomacy, and wartime strategy illustrate the breadth of challenges that shape Canada’s global realm. Chapters include comprehensive bibliographies based on the latest research. A Beyond the Book case concludes each chapter with an introduction to an additional issue and suggested further reading. Canada First, Not Canada Alone argues that Canada’s national interests have been well served by general policies of diplomatic prudence, compromise, and multilateralism even if in recent years Canadian citizens have often yearned to be leaders on the world stage. Such leadership has been exceptional and, even then, has rarely been undertaken without the support of likeminded allies and associates. Like any country, Canada must look out for its own interests first, but in the modern world it cannot do so effectively without co-operating with other states and non-state actors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".