Sex-related differences in cognition and its correlation with lipid parameters and sex steroids among community-dwelling older persons in Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Studies on sex-related differences in cognition and its correlation with serum lipids and sex steroids in older persons in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are few and inconsistent. Our objectives were to assess: (i) sex-related differences in cognition and (ii) the correlation of cognition with lipid parameters, age, years of formal education, and sex steroids in community-dwelling older persons in Kano state, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: About 143 eligible participants were randomly selected. We used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B), verbal fluency test, 10-Item Word List Learning Test (10-IWLLT), delayed word list recall, and Stick Design Test (SDT) to assess cognitive function. Serum lipids were determined using chemical colorimetry, whereas sex steroids were determined using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results: The results revealed that the participants had a mean age of 66 years. The mean MoCA-B score was 18.84 (males = 20.26, females = 17.73, P = 0.001). Males had better scores in orientation ( P = 0.001), abstraction ( P = 0.009), naming ( P = 0.001), verbal fluency ( P = 0.013), delayed word list recall score ( P = 0.001), visuo-construction ( P = 0.015), and visuo-perception ( P = 0.003). Among whole participants, there was a positive correlation between total cholesterol and MoCA-B ( r = 0.236, P = 0.005) and between low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and MoCA-B ( r = 0.207, P = 0.013). Serum testosterone had positive correlation with MoCA-B score (r = 0.212, P = 0.001) but negative correlation with delayed word list recall ( r = −0.218, P = 0.009), and SDT ( r = −0.181, P = 0.031); dihydrotestosterone had positive correlation with MoCA-B score ( r = 0.210, P = 0.012) but negative correlation with delayed word list recall ( r = −0.243, P = 0.003) and SDT ( r = −0.183, P = 0.028). Estradiol had a negative correlation with the 10-IWLLT ( r = −0.169, P = 0.044). Conclusion: This study concludes that males had better cognition than females. Higher levels of serum lipids and sex steroids are related to better cognition in community-dwelling older persons in Nigeria.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".