Historical Summary of Tick and Animal Surveillance Studies for Lyme Disease in Canada, 1975–2023: A Scoping Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Lyme disease (LD) is caused by infection with the bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (Bb) through the bite of an infected Ixodes spp. tick. LD has emerged as a public and animal health issue in Canada, with human incidence increasing in part due to the expansion of Ixodes scapularis ticks and their vertebrate hosts. We sought to provide the first comprehensive summary of published tick and animal surveillance literature regarding LD in Canada to describe changes in LD over time. METHODS: We conducted a review to identify peer-reviewed LD-focused tick, mammal, and bird surveillance articles in three online databases between 1975 and 2023. Data on study characteristics, data collection years, and surveillance methods and findings were extracted. Descriptive statistics were reported. RESULTS: In total, 115 studies were included for review. Results showed an increase in published surveillance literature and changes in study approaches and their provincial distribution over time, coinciding with increased LD cases in Canada. Seventy-four studies were published after 2014 when Canada's Federal Framework on Lyme Disease Act was introduced, and two-thirds of these studies focused on tick surveillance only. Overall, 58% of studies involved surveillance in Ontario but increases in all other provinces were observed after 2009. CONCLUSIONS: Observed changes in five decades of LD-related tick and animal surveillance literature helps document the historical rapid spread of Ixodes and Bb across provinces. This can provide lessons for other regions that may transition from emerging to endemic status for LD in the coming years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.054 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.050 | 0.076 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".