Plant Nano‐Immunoengineering and Biostimulant Applications of Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<i><sub>x</sub></i> MXene Colloids for Enhanced Systemic Defense against Phytopathogens and Stress Resistance Mechanisms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The large‐scale implementation of antimicrobial agrochemicals to increase plant resistance against invasive phytopathogenic organisms and to secure crop yields and quality imposes critical cost and environmental challenges in agriculture. Thus, there is a growing need for alternative sustainable methods in today's farming to boost the plants’ growth and immune systems, safeguarding them from biotic stresses more eco‐economically. In this context, interest in the potential applications of functional carbon‐based nanomaterials has surged due to their tunable physicochemical/biological properties. MXenes, the latest materials in this family, are revolutionizing various fields in biology‐medicine, as they have been shown to possess intrinsic anti‐inflammatory/antimicrobial/anticancer properties and biocompatibility with different cells/tissues at controlled doses, opening avenues for advancing nanoagriculture. Here, innovative applications of mixed‐low‐dimensional titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx)‐based aqueous colloids are reported for plant immunoengineering and biostimulation, including autoclave‐treated Ti3C2Tx nanosheets’ impacts on enhancing defense‐related biological responses, seed‐to‐seedling transition, and underlying gene/hormone regulatory mechanisms. Foliar application of their relatively low doses serves as elicitor/priming active and stomatal closure‐inducing agent to boost plant innate immunity, expression of defense genes, systemic disease resistance, and defense/growth‐related responses. This sophisticated bioactivity resulted in reactive‐oxygen‐species production, inducing anti‐phytoviral/anti‐phytobacterial/anti‐phytofungal modes‐of‐action through direct pathogens‐inhibition and indirect regulation of plant immune system, implying MXene's potential for agricultural‐protection‐by‐nanodesign.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".