Freeze Bond Strength Development and Properties in Prolonged Submersion Times and Implications on Ice Rubble Strength
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper summarizes the finding of an extensive experimental campaign conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland, focusing on understanding shear strength properties of freeze-bonded ice blocks. A series of Asymmetric Four-Point Bending (AFPB) tests were conducted, focusing on the effects of submersion time for two initial ice temperatures of -10 and -18 degrees, subject to a normal pressure of 25 kPa. Freeze bonds were then sheared at an actuator rate of 5 mm/ls. Freeze bond strength development can be separated into 5 stages, where bond strength increased with increase in submersion time in stage 1, reaching a peak after only 4 minutes of submersion, followed by a decrease in strength in stage 2, as ice reached equilibrium temperature with water. Freeze bond strength stayed at a constant low in stage 3. Freeze bond strength was seen to increase again in stage 4, eventually reaching the strength of solid ice in stage 5. This paper focuses on understanding the mechanisms that occur in stage 4 and 5 of freeze bond strength development. During these stages, freeze bond strength was observed to increase with increase in submersion time as submersion time increased from 24 hours to 2 weeks, and reaching the strength of solid ice after 1 week for ice with initial temperature of -10 degrees, and after 2 weeks for ice with initial temperature of -18 degrees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".