Heat Fluxes in a Glacial Fjord: The Role of Buoyancy‐Driven Circulation and Offshore Forcing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The ocean supplies large quantities of thermal energy to tidewater glaciers, but the mechanisms behind the heat delivery are not fully understood. To examine heat flux dynamics in glacial fjords, we run an 8‐year realistic numerical simulation of Milne Fiord, validated with observations. We leverage the duration and spatial resolution of the simulation to calculate ice melt, offshore density variations, average fjord temperature, and heat fluxes at different locations along‐fjord. Correlations between these quantities reveal that heat fluxes near the grounding line (<5 km) are linked to buoyancy‐driven circulation while offshore forcing is linked to heat fluxes along the remainder of the fjord. Comparison to a simulation with constant offshore boundary conditions reveals that offshore forcing enhances the exchange between the coastal shelf and the fjord, increasing glacier melt rates by 18%. Including offshore forcing into numerical and box models of glacial fjords is essential for accurate melting predictions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".